Impaired Driving
514.1 PURPOSE AND SCOPE
This policy provides guidance to those department members who play a role in the detection and investigation of driving under the influence (DUI).
514.2 POLICY
The University of California Santa Cruz Police Department is committed to the safety of the roadways and the community and will pursue fair but aggressive enforcement of California’s impaired driving laws.
514.3 INVESTIGATIONS
Officers should not enforce DUI laws to the exclusion of their other duties unless specifically assigned to DUI enforcement. All officers are expected to enforce these laws with due diligence.
The Patrol Lieutenant will develop and maintain, in consultation with the prosecuting attorney, report forms with appropriate checklists to assist investigating officers in documenting relevant information and maximizing efficiency. Any DUI investigation will be documented using these forms. Information documented elsewhere on the form does not need to be duplicated in the report narrative. Information that should be documented includes, at a minimum:
(a) The field sobriety tests (FSTs) administered and the results.
(b) The officer’s observations that indicate impairment on the part of the individual, and the officer’s health-related inquiries that may help to identify any serious health concerns (e.g., diabetic shock).
(c) Sources of additional information (e.g., reporting party, witnesses) and their observations.
(d) Information about any audio and/or video recording of the individual’s driving or subsequent actions.
(e) The location and time frame of the individual’s vehicle operation and how this was determined.
(f) Any prior related convictions in California or another jurisdiction.
514.4 FIELD TESTS
The Patrol Lieutenant should identify standardized FSTs and any approved alternate tests for officers to use when investigating violations of DUI laws.
514.5 CHEMICAL TESTS
A person implies consent to a chemical test or tests, and to providing the associated chemical sample, under any of the following (Vehicle Code § 23612):
(a) The person is arrested for driving a vehicle while under the influence, pursuant to Vehicle Code § 23152.
(b) The person is under 21 years of age and is arrested by an officer having reasonable cause to believe that the person’s blood alcohol content is 05 or more (Vehicle Code § 23140).
(c) The person is under 21 years of age and detained by an officer having reasonable cause to believe that the person was driving a vehicle while having a blood alcohol content of 0.01 or more (Vehicle Code § 23136).
(d) The person was operating a vehicle while under the influence and proximately caused bodily injury to another person (Vehicle Code § 23153).
If a person withdraws this implied consent, or is unable to withdraw consent (e.g., the person is unconscious), the officer should consider implied consent revoked and proceed as though the person has refused to provide a chemical sample.
514.5.1 CHOICE OF TESTS
Officers shall respect a viable choice of chemical test made by an arrestee, as provided for by law (e.g., breath will not be acceptable for suspected narcotics influence).
A person arrested for DUI has the choice of whether the test is of his/her blood or breath, and the officer shall advise the person that he/she has that choice. If the person arrested either is incapable, or states that he/she is incapable, of completing the chosen test, the person shall submit to the remaining test.
If the person chooses to submit to a breath test and there is reasonable cause to believe that the person is under the influence of a drug or the combined influence of alcohol and any drug, the officer may also request that the person submit to a blood test. If the person is incapable of completing a blood test, the person shall submit to and complete a urine test (Vehicle Code § 23612(a)(2)(C)).
514.5.2 BREATH SAMPLES
The Patrol Lieutenant should ensure that all devices used for the collection and analysis of breath samples are properly serviced and tested, and that a record of such service and testing is properly maintained.
Officers obtaining a breath sample should monitor the device for any sign of malfunction. Any anomalies or equipment failures should be noted in the appropriate report and promptly reported to the Patrol Lieutenant.
When the arrested person chooses a breath test, the handling officer shall advise the person that the breath-testing equipment does not retain a sample, and the person may, if desired, provide a blood or urine specimen, which will be retained to facilitate subsequent verification testing (Vehicle Code § 23614).
The officer should also require the person to submit to a blood test if the officer has a clear indication that a blood test will reveal evidence of any drug or the combined influence of an alcoholic beverage and any drug. Evidence of the officer’s belief shall be included in the officer’s report (Vehicle Code § 23612(a)(2)(C)).
514.5.3 BLOOD SAMPLES
Only persons authorized by law to draw blood shall collect blood samples (Vehicle Code § 23158). The blood draw should be witnessed by the assigned officer. No officer, even if properly certified, should perform this task.
Officers should inform an arrestee that if he/she chooses to provide a blood sample, a separate sample can be collected for alternate testing. Unless medical personnel object, two samples should be collected and retained as evidence, so long as only one puncture is required.
The blood sample shall be packaged, marked, handled, stored and transported as required by the testing facility.
If an arrestee cannot submit to a blood draw because he/she has a bleeding disorder or has taken medication that inhibits coagulation, he/she shall not be required to take a blood test. Such inability to take a blood test should not be considered a refusal. However, that arrestee may be required to complete another available and viable test.
514.5.4 URINE SAMPLES
If a urine test will be performed, the arrestee should be promptly transported to the appropriate testing site. The officer shall follow any directions accompanying the urine evidence collection kit.
Urine samples shall be collected and witnessed by an officer or jail staff member of the same sex as the individual giving the sample. The arrestee should be allowed sufficient privacy to maintain his/her dignity, to the extent possible, while still ensuring the accuracy of the sample (Vehicle Code § 23158(i)).
The sample shall be packaged, marked, handled, stored and transported as required by the testing facility.
514.5.5 STATUTORY NOTIFICATIONS
Officers requesting that a person submit to chemical testing shall provide the person with the mandatory warning pursuant to Vehicle Code § 23612(a)(1)(D) and Vehicle Code § 23612(a)(4).
514.5.6 PRELIMINARY ALCOHOL SCREENING
Officers may use a preliminary alcohol screening (PAS) test to assist in establishing reasonable cause to believe a person is DUI. The officer shall advise the person that the PAS test is being requested to assist in determining whether the person is under the influence of alcohol or drugs, or a combination of the two. Unless the person is under the age of 21, he/she shall be advised that the PAS test is voluntary. The officer shall also advise the person that submitting to a PAS test does not satisfy his/her obligation to submit to a chemical test as otherwise required by law (Vehicle Code § 23612).
514.5.7 PRELIMINARY ALCOHOL SCREENING FOR A PERSON UNDER AGE 21
If an officer lawfully detains a person under 21 years of age who is driving a motor vehicle and the officer has reasonable cause to believe that the person has a blood alcohol content of 0.01 or more, the officer shall request that the person take a PAS test to determine the presence of alcohol in the person, if a PAS test device is immediately available. If a PAS test device is not immediately available, the officer may request the person to submit to chemical testing of his/her blood, breath or urine, conducted pursuant to Vehicle Code § 23612 (Vehicle Code § 13388).
If the person refuses to take or fails to complete the PAS test or other chemical test, or if the result of either test reveals a blood alcohol content of 0.01 or more, the officer shall proceed to serve the person with a notice of order of suspension pursuant to this policy (Vehicle Code § 13388).
514.6 REFUSALS
When an arrestee refuses to provide a viable chemical sample, officers should:
(a) Advise the person of the requirement to provide a sample (Vehicle Code § 23612).
(b) Audio- and/or video-record the admonishment when it is practicable.
(c) Document the refusal in the appropriate report.
Upon refusal to submit to a chemical test as required by law, officers shall personally serve the notice of order of suspension upon the person and take possession of any state-issued license to operate a motor vehicle that is held by that person (Vehicle Code § 23612(e); Vehicle Code § 23612(f)).
514.6.1 BLOOD SAMPLE WITHOUT CONSENT
A blood sample may be obtained from a person who refuses a chemical test when any of the following conditions exist:
(a) A search warrant has been obtained (Penal Code § 1524).
(b) The officer can articulate that exigent circumstances exist. Exigency does not exist solely because of the short time period associated with the natural dissipation of alcohol or controlled or prohibited substances in the person’s bloodstream. Exigency can be established by the existence of special facts such as a lengthy time delay in obtaining a blood sample due to an accident investigation or medical treatment of the person.
514.6.2 FORCED BLOOD SAMPLE
If an arrestee indicates by word or action that he/she will physically resist a blood draw, the officer should request a supervisor to respond.
The responding supervisor should:
(a) Evaluate whether using force to obtain a blood sample is appropriate under the circumstances.
(b) Ensure that all attempts to obtain a blood sample through force cease if the person agrees to, and completes a viable form of testing in a timely manner.
(c) Advise the person of his/her duty to provide a sample (even if this advisement was previously done by another officer) and attempt to persuade the individual to submit to such a sample without physical resistance.
- This dialogue should be recorded on audio and/or video if practicable.
(d) Ensure that the blood sample is taken in a medically approved manner.
(e) Ensure the forced blood draw is recorded on audio and/or video when practicable.
(f) Monitor and ensure that the type and level of force applied appears reasonable under the circumstances:
- Unless otherwise provided in a warrant, force should generally be limited to handcuffing or similar restraint methods.
- In misdemeanor cases, if the arrestee becomes violent or more resistant, no additional force will be used and a refusal should be noted in the report.
- In felony cases, force which reasonably appears necessary to overcome the resistance to the blood draw may be permitted.
If a supervisor is unavailable, officers are expected to use sound judgment and perform as a responding supervisor, as set forth above.
514.6.3 STATUTORY NOTIFICATIONS UPON REFUSAL
Upon refusal to submit to a chemical test as required by law, officers shall personally serve the notice of order of suspension upon the arrestee and take possession of any state-issued license to operate a motor vehicle that is held by that individual (Vehicle Code § 23612(e); Vehicle Code § 23612(f)).
514.7 RECORDS SECTION RESPONSIBILITIES
The Communications Manager will ensure that all case-related records are transmitted according to current records procedures and as required by the prosecuting attorney’s office.
514.8 ADMINISTRATIVE HEARINGS
The Communications Manager will ensure that all appropriate reports and documents related to administrative license suspensions are reviewed and forwarded to DMV.
Any officer who receives notice of required attendance to an administrative license suspension hearing should promptly notify the prosecuting attorney.
An officer called to testify at an administrative hearing should document the hearing date and DMV file number in a supplemental report. Specific details of the hearing generally should not be included in the report unless errors, additional evidence or witnesses are identified.
514.9 TRAINING
The Training Sergeant should ensure that officers participating in the enforcement of DUI laws receive regular training. Training should include, at minimum, current laws on impaired driving, investigative techniques and rules of evidence pertaining to DUI investigations. The Training Sergeant should confer with the prosecuting attorney’s office and update training topics as needed.
514.10 ARREST AND INVESTIGATION
514.10.1 WARRANTLESS ARREST
In addition to the arrest authority granted to officers pursuant to Penal Code § 836, an officer may make a warrantless arrest of a person that the officer has reasonable cause to believe has been driving under the influence of an alcoholic beverage or any drug, or under the combined influence of the same when (Vehicle Code § 40300.5):
(a) The person is involved in a traffic accident.
(b) The person is observed in or about a vehicle that is obstructing the roadway.
(c) The person will not be apprehended unless immediately arrested.
(d) The person may cause injury to him/herself or damage property unless immediately arrested.
(e) The person may destroy or conceal evidence of a crime unless immediately
514.10.2 OFFICER RESPONSIBILITIES
The officer serving the arrested person with a notice of an order of suspension shall immediately (Vehicle Code § 23612):
(a) Forward a copy of the completed notice of suspension or revocation form and any confiscated driver’s license to the Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV).
(b) Forward a sworn report to DMV that contains the required information in Vehicle Code § 13380.
(c) Forward the results to the appropriate forensic laboratory if the person submitted to a blood or urine test.
